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With an area of 688.8 square kilometers, Kefalonia is the largest island in the Ionian Sea and sixth in size of all the Greek islands. It lies opposite the mouth of the Gulf of Patras, between Zakinthos and Lefkada. To the northeast of Kefalonia is Ithaki; the two islands are separated by a channel 3-4 km wide. Kefalonia is made up of four peninsulas, Paliki, Erissos, Livathos and Atros. It is for the most part mountainous, in fact the most mountainous of the Ionian islands, with the highest peaks. In the southwest looms the Ainos range, whose highest peak is Megas Soros at 1.628 m. This mountain massif was in the past blanketed in vast forests of Cephalonian Fir. Most of the island's other mountains, including Mts. Roudi, Sella, Vrohonas, Avgo and Omorfia, are not much over 1,000 m in height. Geologically, the island consists chiefly of permeable stratified rock, mainly calcareous. Subterranean caverns and passages have been formed by erosion and the dissolving action of underground water on calcareous rock (Karst topography). The peculiarity of this rock permits water to be diffused through it at attainable levels, so that even the inhabitants of mountainous areas can find water easily. In fact, the island is believed to have once had such an abundance of water that its mountains were clothed in thick forests of a dark green colour - hence one of its ancient names, Melaina, from melanos=black. The streams and torrents that flow down from the mountains empty into the sea, except for those in the area of Omala and Pirgi. They form Lake Avithos (Megali Akoli) and Mikri Akoli; the latter has all but dried up and collects some water only in times of heavy rains.

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